Understanding PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) is a prevalent hormonal condition affecting approximately 20% of women in India—roughly one in five women globally. It is often confused with PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome), although the two have distinct characteristics. Women with PCOS typically have higher levels of androgens (male hormones), which can disrupt menstrual cycles and fertility, and may cause complications such as diabetes, acne, excessive body hair, and weight gain. In this article, we’ll explore PCOD in depth—its symptoms, causes, treatment options, and how to manage it effectively.
What is PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease)?
PCOD is a condition in which a woman’s ovaries produce immature eggs that eventually turn into cysts. These cysts lead to an imbalance in hormone levels, particularly an increase in androgens. This hormonal disruption interferes with the normal release of eggs, resulting in irregular ovulation and menstrual cycles.
Common Symptoms of PCOD
PCOD affects ovarian function, which in turn impacts hormone levels. The condition leads to an excess production of androgens, triggering a range of symptoms. Here are some of the most commonly observed signs:
- Irregular or missed periods
- Heavy menstrual bleeding
- Acne and skin issues
- Excessive facial and body hair (hirsutism)
- Hair thinning or hair loss
- Scalp baldness
Unexplained weight gain or obesity
- Skin darkening (especially around the neck or groin)
- Difficulty sleeping
- Mood swings or depression
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is recommended to consult a gynaecologist for proper diagnosis and management.
What Causes PCOD?
The exact causes of PCOD remain uncertain. However, research suggests a mix of genetic and environmental factors. Below are some commonly identified contributors:
- Poor dietary habits
- Sedentary or inactive lifestyle
- Exposure to environmental toxins
- Hormone-disrupting medications or supplements
In addition to these, several physiological factors have been linked to PCOD:
- High Insulin Levels: Excess insulin can increase androgen production, which interferes with ovulation and leads to PCOD.
- Chronic Inflammation: Low-grade inflammation, possibly caused by autoimmune conditions, can stimulate excess androgen levels.
- Elevated Androgens: Androgen excess leads to symptoms like acne, excess hair growth, and ovulation issues.
- Genetic Predisposition: PCOD often runs in families, suggesting a hereditary component.
- Unhealthy Lifestyle Choices: Poor nutrition, stress, and lack of physical activity can worsen symptoms.
Treatment Options for PCOD
Though PCOD has no definitive cure, the condition can be effectively managed through a combination of lifestyle adjustments and medical interventions.
Lifestyle Changes:
- Balanced Diet: Focus on whole grains, vegetables, lean proteins, and reduce sugary and processed foods. Avoid trans fats and refined carbs to manage weight and insulin levels.
- Exercise Regularly: Engage in moderate physical activity such as walking, yoga, or cardio workouts to regulate hormones and reduce body fat.
Sleep and Stress Management: Adequate sleep and stress-relief practices like meditation can significantly help balance hormones.
Medical Treatments:
- Hormonal Therapy: Cyclical hormonal treatments help regulate periods and control excess androgen levels.
- Skin Care: Acne and pigmentation can be treated with dermatological therapies.
- Fertility Treatment: Women facing infertility due to PCOD may benefit from ovulation-inducing medications.
- Medications:
- Progestin: Helps induce menstruation in women with absent periods.
- Contraceptive Pills: Regulate menstrual cycles and reduce androgen levels.
- Metformin: Improves insulin sensitivity and assists with weight loss.
- Surgical Option:
- Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive surgery used to reduce androgen levels and improve ovulation.
Diagnosis of PCOD / PCOS
- History Review: Assessment of menstrual patterns, weight changes, acne, and hair growth.
- Physical Examination: To check for signs lake acne, skin discolouration, and hirsutism.
- Blood Tests: Hormone profiling (including androgens), insulin, and metabolic markers.
- Ultrasound Scan: A pelvic ultrasound can detect the presence of multiple cysts in the ovaries.
- Rotterdam Criteria: A diagnosis of PCOS is made if at least two of the following are present—irregular cycles, clinical/biochemical signs of hyperandrogegism, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
- Mental and Sleep Health Assessment: Screening for anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders like obstructive sleep apnea.
Potential Complications of PCOD/PCOS
- Irregular or heavy bleeding
- Infertility or difficulty conceiving
- Type 2 diabetes due to insulin resistance
- Elevated blood pressure
- Risk of premature labor or early delivery
Metabolic syndrome (obesity, hypertension, abnormal lipid levels)
- Depression and anxiety
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Increased risk of endometrial cancer
- Higher risk of miscarriage
Natural and Home Remedies
- Nutritious Diet: Emphasize whole, unprocessed foods; choose low-glycemic carbs.
- Regular Exercise: Aim for at least 30 minutes of activity most days of the week.
- Stress Reduction: Use techniques like yoga or meditation.
- Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day.
- Herbal Remedies: Spearmint tea may reduce hirsutism; cinnamon may help with insulin resistance.
- High-Fiber Foods: Legumes, oats, and leafy greens can support digestion and hormonal balance.
- Omega-3 Rich Foods: Found in fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts; can reduce inflammation.
- Apple Cider Vinegar: Some suggest it improves digestion and blood sugar regulation.
- Probiotics: Support gut health, which plays a role in hormonal function.
- Proper Sleep Routine: Aim for 7–9 hours of sleep per night for optimal hormone balance.
Maintaining a Healthy Weight
Keeping your weight within a healthy BMI (18.5–24.9) helps manage symptoms. Obesity (BMI above 30) increases the risk of insulin resistance and worsens hormonal imbalance. A well-planned diet and exercise regimen can significantly improve outcomes.
Tip: Limit carbohydrate intake and focus on complex carbs and proteins—such as fish, eggs, seeds, and vegetables—while avoiding sugary, starchy foods like white bread and rice.
PCOD/PCOS and Pregnancy
About 70–80% of women with PCOS may face fertility challenges. Moreover, the risk of pregnancy complications like gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, and preterm delivery is higher. Fertility treatments and healthy lifestyle modifications can significantly improve the chances of a safe pregnancy.
When to See a doctor
You should consult a healthcare provider if:
- Your periods are irregular or absent and you’re not pregnant
- You notice increased facial/body hair or persistent acne
- You’ve been trying to conceive for over a year without success
- You experience symptoms of high blood sugar like fatigue, increased thirst, or blurry vision
Can PCOD Cause Ovarian Cancer?
No, PCOD does not lead to ovarian cancer. However, due to prolonged hormonal imbalances, women with PCOD should remain under regular medical observation and follow a healthy lifestyle to minimise health risks.
Key Differences Between PCOD and PCOS
| Aspect | PCOD | PCOS |
| Definition | Formation of multiple immature cysts in ovaries | A metabolic and hormonal disorder involving multiple systems |
| Hormonal Imbalance | Mild to moderate | Significant imbalance, especially elevated androgens |
| Symptoms | Irregular periods, acne, weight gain | Hirsutism, acne, infertility, insulin resistance |
| Diagnosis | Based mainly on ultrasound | Based on blood tests, symptoms, and ultrasound |
| Scope | Ovarian dysfunction | Multi-system metabolic syndrome |
| Treatment | Lifestyle changes, hormone therapy | Includes insulin regulators, fertility treatment, and lifestyle management |
Conclusion
PCOD and PCOS are manageable with early intervention and consistent care. While the conditions cannot be cured entirely, adopting a healthier lifestyle, managing weight, staying active, and following medical advice can help women lead normal, healthy lives. With awareness and proper management, the complications of these conditions can be significantly reduced.
| If you suspect you may have PCOD or PCOS, seek professional advice early and | |
| begin your journey toward better hormonal health today. | |